Civil Engineers Must Know

Clear cover to main reinforcement in
Footings : 50 mm
Raft foundation Top : 50 mm
Raft foundation Bottom/ sides : 75 mm
Strap Beam : 50 mm
Grade Slab : 20 mm
Column : 40 mm (d>12mm) 25 mm (d= 12mm)
Shear Wall : 25 mm
Beams : 25 mm
Slabs : 15 mm or not less than diameter of the bar.

Flat Slab : 20 mm
Staircase : 15 mm
Retaining Wall on Earth : 20/ 25 mm
Water retaining structures : 20 / 30 mm
Sunshade (Chajja) : 25 mm

Hook for stirrups is 9D for one side

No. of stirrups = (clear span/Spanning) + 1

For Cantilever anchorage length for main steel is 69D

“L” for column main rod in footing is minimum of 300mm

Chairs of minimum 12 mm diameter bars should be used.

Minimum diameter of dowel bars should be 12 mm

Lap slices should not be used for bar larger than 36 mm.

In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.

Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.

Minimum number of bars for a square column are 4 and for circular column are 6.

Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.

Weight of rod per meter length = d²/162 where d is the diameter in mm

All reinforcement shall be free from mill scales, loose rust & coats of paints, oil or any other substances.

Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.

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In case of spacing of bars
Provide the diameter of the bar, if the diameter of the bar are equal.
Provide the diameter of the larger bar, if the diameter are unequal.
5mm more than the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

Use of Admixture and Its Effects on Setting Time

Initial set, as defined by ACI 116R, is a degree of stiffening of a mixture of cement less than final set, generally stated as an empirical value indicating the time in hours and minutes required for the cement paste to stiffen sufficiently to resist to an established degree, the penetration of a weighted test needle. The concrete setting time at various temperatures is given at table below:

Table 1 Setting Time of Concrete at Various Temperature

Temperature	Approximate Setting Time (hours)
100oF (38oC)	1-2/3
90oF (32oC)	2-2/3
80oF (27oC)	4
70oF (21oC)	6
60oF (16oC)	8
50oF (10oC)	11
40oF (4oC)	14
30oF (-1oC)	19
20oF (-7oC)	Set will not occur

The retardation of initial setting time by the use of admixture is affected by three factors, that is, the ambient temperature, the dosage used, and the time of adding to the batch.